| 单词 | hard |
| 释义 | adjectiveadverb🔑 hardBrE /hɑːd/ NAmE /hɑːrd/ adjective (hard·er , hard·est ) ➤ solid /stiff 坚固；坚硬🔑 solid , firm or stiff and difficult to bend or break 坚固的；坚硬的；结实的◆ Wait for the concrete to go hard . 等待混凝土凝结。◆ a hard mattress 硬床垫◆ Diamonds are the hardest known mineral . 钻石是已知的最坚硬的矿石。OPP soft➤ difficult 不易🔑 difficult to do , understand or answer 难做的；难懂的；难以回答的◆ a hard choice /question 为难的选择；难以回答的问题◆ ~to do sth It is hard to believe that she's only nine . 很难相信她只有九岁。◆ It's hard to see how they can lose . 很难理解他们怎么会输。◆ 'When will the job be finished ?' 'It's hard to say (= it is difficult to be certain ).' “这项工作什么时候能完成？” “难说。”◆ I find his attitude very hard to take (= difficult to accept ). 他的态度让我难以接受。◆ We're finding reliable staff hard to come by (= difficult to get ). 我们觉得难以找到可靠的职员。◆ ~for sb (to do sth )It's hard for old people to change their ways . 老年人难以改变他们的习惯。◆ It must be hard for her , bringing up four children on her own . 她一个人抚养四个孩子一定很艰难。OPP easy🔑 full of difficulty and problems , especially because of a lack of money 困苦的；艰苦的；艰难的SYN tough◆ Times were hard at the end of the war . 战争后期生活很艰苦。◆ She's had a hard life . 她一生艰苦。OPP easy➤ needing /using effort 费力；用力🔑 needing or using a lot of physical strength or mental effort 耗费体力（或脑力）的；辛苦的◆ It's hard work shovelling snow . 铲雪是个苦活儿。◆ I've had a long hard day . 我度过了漫长辛苦的一天。difficulthard ⬥ challenging ⬥ demanding ⬥ taxingThese words all describe sth that is not easy and requires a lot of effort or skill to do.以上各词均形容事情困难、费力、难做。difficultnot easy; needing effort or skill to do or understand指困难的、费力的、难做的、难懂的：◆The exam questions were quite difficult.考题相当难。◆It is difficult for young people to find jobs around here.年轻人要在附近找到工作很难。hardnot easy; needing effort or skill to do or understand指困难的、费力的、难做的、难懂的：◆I always found languages quite hard at school.在学校读书时我总觉得语言很难学。◆It was one of the hardest things I ever did.这是我做过的最难的事情之一。difficult or hard?用 difficult 还是 hard？Hard is slightly less formal than difficult. It is used particularly in the structure hard to believe/say/find/take, etc., although difficult can also be used in any of these examples. * hard 较 difficult 稍非正式，主要用于 hard to believe/say/find/take 等结构中，不过 difficult 亦可用于上述结构。challenging(approving ) difficult in an interesting way that tests your ability指困难而有意思的、有挑战性的、考验能力的demandingdifficult to do or deal with and needing a lot of effort, skill or patience指要求高的、需要高技能或耐性的、费力的：◆It is a technically demanding piece of music to play.演奏这一段音乐需要有很高的技艺。taxing(often used in negative statements) difficult to do and needing a lot of mental or physical effort（常用于否定句）指繁重的、费力的、伤脑筋的：◆This shouldn't be too taxing for you.这对你来说不至于太费劲。Patternsdifficult/hard/challenging/demanding/taxing for sbdifficult/hard to do sthphysically difficult/hard/challenging/demanding/taxingtechnically difficult/challenging/demandingmentally/intellectually challenging/demanding/taxing🔑 (of people 人) putting a lot of effort or energy into an activity 努力的；勤劳的◆ She's a very hard worker . 她工作很卖力。◆ He's hard at work on a new novel . 他正努力忙着写一本新小说。◆ When I left they were all still hard at it (= working hard ). 我离开的时候他们都还在努力工作。🔑 done with a lot of strength or force 用力的；猛烈的◆ He gave the door a good hard kick . 他狠狠踢了一下门。◆ a hard punch 砰的一拳➤ without sympathy 缺乏同情心🔑 showing no sympathy or affection 冷酷无情的；硬心肠的；苛刻的◆ My father was a hard man . 我父亲是个不讲情面的人。◆ She gave me a hard stare . 她狠狠地看了我一眼。◆ He said some very hard things to me . 他对我说了些很不近人情的话。➤ not afraid 不畏惧(informal ) (of people 人) ready to fight and showing no signs of fear or weakness 准备战斗的；不软弱退缩的◆ Come and get me if you think you're hard enough . 你要是觉得自己有种，就冲着我来吧。◆ You think you're really hard , don't you ? 你是不是以为自己真的很勇猛？➤ facts /evidence 事实；证据[only before noun ]definitely true and based on information that can be proved 确凿的；可证实的；可靠的◆ Is there any hard evidence either way ? 不管正反，有什么确凿证据吗？◆ The newspaper story is based on hard facts . 报纸的这篇报道有可靠的事实根据。➤ weather 天气very cold and severe 寒冷的；凛冽的◆ It had been a hard winter . 那年的冬天特别冷。◆ There was a hard frost that night . 那天晚上寒冷多霜。 ➡ compare mildadjective (2 ) ➤ drink 饮料[only before noun ]strongly alcoholic 酒精浓度高的；烈性的◆ hard liquor 烈酒◆ (informal ) a drop of the hard stuff (= a strong alcoholic drink )少许烈酒 ➡ compare soft drink➤ water 水containing calciumand other mineral salts that make mixing with soap difficult 硬的（含钙及镁等可溶性盐较多）◆ a hard water area 硬水区◆ Our water is very hard . 我们的水很硬。OPP soft➤ consonants 辅音(phonetics语音学) used to describe a letter c or g when pronounced as in 'cat' or 'go' , rather than as in 'city' or 'giant' 硬音的（如字母 c 或 g 在 cat 或 go 等词中的发音）OPP soft▸ hard·ness BrE /ˈhɑːdnəs/ NAmE /ˈhɑːrdnəs/ noun [U ]◆ water hardness 水的硬度◆ hardness of heart 硬心肠 ● be ˈhard on sb /sth 🔑 to treat or criticize sb in a very severe or strict way 严厉对待，严格批评（某人或某事）◆ Don't be too hard on him —he's very young . 别对他太苛刻了，他还很小呢。🔑 to be difficult for or unfair to sb /sth 使…为难；对…不公平◆ It's hard on people who don't have a car . 对于没有车的人来说，这不公平。to be likely to hurt or damage sth 可能损伤，可能损坏（某物）◆ Looking at a computer screen all day can be very hard on the eyes . 成天盯着计算机屏幕可能会对眼睛造成严重损害。● drive /strike a hard ˈbargain to argue in an aggressive way and force sb to agree on the best possible price or arrangement 狠狠地杀价● give sb a hard ˈtime to deliberately make a situation difficult and unpleasant for sb 给某人找茬儿；使某人不好过◆ They really gave me a hard time at the interview . 面试时他们确实是在难为我。● ˌhard and ˈfast (especially after a negative 尤用于否定词后) that cannot be changed in any circumstances 板上钉钉；不容更改◆ There are no hard and fast rules about this . 这事没有什么硬性的规定。● (as ) ˌhard as ˈnails showing no sympathy , kindness or fear 冷酷无情；铁石心肠；毫无惧色● ˌhard ˈcheese (BrE , informal ) used as a way of saying that you are sorry about sth , usually ironically (= you really mean the opposite )（常作反话）太不幸了，真够倒霉● ˌhard ˈgoing difficult to understand or needing a lot of effort 难懂；费力◆ I'm finding his latest novel very hard going . 我觉得他最近的这部小说很晦涩。● ˌhard ˈluck /ˈlines (BrE ) used to tell sb that you feel sorry for them （表示惋惜）真遗憾，太不幸了◆ 'Failed again , I'm afraid .' 'Oh , hard luck .' “恐怕我又失败了。” “哦，太不幸了。”● the ˈhard way by having an unpleasant experience or by making mistakes 通过痛苦的经历；通过出错◆ She won't listen to my advice so she'll just have to learn the hard way . 她不肯听我的忠告，所以只好吃了苦头才知道厉害。● make hard ˈwork of sth to use more time or energy on a task than is necessary 在某事上耗费过多时间（或精力）；费冤枉力● no hard ˈfeelings used to tell sb you have been arguing with or have beaten in a contest that you would still like to be friendly with them （向争论或打败的对方表达善意）别往心里去，别记恨◆ It looks like I'm the winner again . No hard feelings , Dave , eh ? 看来我又赢了。你不会不高兴吧，戴夫？● play hard to ˈget (informal ) to make yourself seem more attractive or interesting by not immediately accepting an invitation to do sth 故作姿态；故意摆谱；拿架子● too much like hard ˈwork needing too much effort 太费力◆ I can't be bothered making a hot meal —it's too much like hard work . 我懒得做热饭热菜，太麻烦了。● a ˌhard /ˌtough act to ˈfollow a person who is so good or successful at sth that it will be difficult for anyone else coming after them to be as good or successful 令人望尘莫及的人● have a (hard /difficult ) job doing /to do sth to have difficulty doing sth 干某事很困难（或很吃力、很费力）◆ You'll have a job convincing them that you're right . 要让他们信服你是对的还要费点劲。◆ He had a hard job to make himself heard . 他好不容易才使别人听见他的声音。● take a long (cool /hard ) ˈlook at sth to consider a problem or possibility very carefully and without hurrying 极其慎重地考虑（问题或可能性）◆ We need to take a long hard look at all the options . 我们需要十分谨慎地考虑所有的选择。● a hard /tough ˈnut (to ˈcrack )a difficult problem or situation to deal with 棘手的问题；不好对付的情形● (caught /stuck ) between a ˌrock and a ˈhard place in a situation where you have to choose between two things , both of which are unpleasant 进退两难；左右为难🔑 hardBrE /hɑːd/ NAmE /hɑːrd/ adverb (hard·er , hard·est ) ➤ with effort 努力🔑 with great effort ; with difficulty 努力地；费力地；艰难地◆ to work hard 努力工作◆ You must try harder . 你得更加努力。◆ She tried her hardest not to show how disappointed she was . 她竭力不流露出自己有多失望。◆ Don't hit it so hard ! 别这么用力打！◆ He was still breathing hard after his run . 他跑完步，现在还气喘吁吁的。◆ Our victory was hard won (= won with great difficulty ). 我们的胜利来之不易。➤ with force 猛力🔑 with great force 猛力地；猛烈地◆ (figurative ) Small businesses have been hit hard /hard hit by the recession .小企业受到了经济衰退的沉重打击。➤ carefully 仔细🔑 very carefully and thoroughly 彻底认真地◆ to think hard 认真思考◆ We thought long and hard before deciding to move house . 我们经过长久慎重的考虑之后才决定搬家。➤ a lot 大量heavily ; a lot or for a long time 沉重地；大量地；长时间地◆ It was raining hard when we set off . 我们出发时正下着大雨。hard / hardlyThe adverb from the adjective hard is hard.形容词 hard 的副词为 hard：◆I have to work hard today.今天我得努力工作。◆She has thought very hard about her future plans.她曾经苦苦思考将来该怎么办。◆It was raining hard outside.外面雨下得很大。Hardly is an adverb meaning 'almost not'. * hardly 为副词，意为几乎不、几乎没有：◆I hardly ever go to concerts.我很少去听音乐会。◆I can hardly wait for my birthday.我迫切等待着我的生日。 It cannot be used instead of hard.该词不能代替 hard：◆I've been working hardly today.◆She has thought very hardly about her future plans.◆It was raining hardly outside. ➡ note athardly ➤ left /right 左；右at a sharp angle to the left /right 向左（或右）急转弯◆ Turn hard right at the next junction . 在下个路口处向右急转弯。 ● be /feel hard ˈdone by (informal ) to be or feel unfairly treated 受到不公平待遇；感到委屈◆ She has every right to feel hard done by —her parents have given her nothing . 她完全有理由觉得委屈，她父母什么都没给她。● be ˌhard ˈpressed /ˈpushed to do sth ● be hard ˈput (to it ) to do sth to find it very difficult to do sth 很难做某事◆ He was hard put to it to explain her disappearance . 他很难对她的消失作出解释。● be hard ˈup for sth to have too few or too little of sth 某物匮乏◆ We're hard up for ideas . 我们再想不出主意了。 ➡ see also hard up● ˈhard on sth very soon after 紧接着◆ His death followed hard on hers . 她死后不久，他也死了。● take sth ˈhard to be very upset by sth 为某事很苦恼（或难受）◆ He took his wife's death very hard . 他对妻子的死感到很难过。● old ˌhabits , traˌditions , etc . die ˈhard used to say that things change very slowly （旧习惯、传统等）难以改变，根深蒂固● (hard /hot ) on sb's /sth's ˈheels very close behind sb /sth ; very soon after sth 紧跟；紧接在后◆ News of rising unemployment followed hard on the heels of falling export figures . 出口数字下降之后紧接着就是失业率上升的消息。 |
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